Bronze Birch Borer
Agrilus anxius Gory
The bronze birch borer is a serious secondary pest of white, paper, and cut-leaf weeping birches. This native flatheaded borer will attack yellow, gray, and other species of birch. It has also been reported on beech.
Description
Figure 1a
Bronze birch borer adults are slender, dark, irridescent, often greenish-bronze, beetles, 7-12 mm long (Fig. 1a). A fully grown larva is slightly longer than 12 mm, very slender, and has a flattened, enlarged area behind its head (Fig. 1b)
Figure 1b
Life History
Image 1 - Bronze Birch Borer
Agrilus anxius
Gory
Bronze birch borer: galleries under
bark (peeled)
Minnesota Dept. of Natural Resources;
UGA4212066b
Image 2 - Bronze Birch Borer
Agrilus anxius
Gory
Bronze birch borer: galleries showing
through bark
Minnesota Dept. of Natural Resources;
UGA4212065b
*These images are copyrighted by The University of Georgia and the individual photographers or organizations.
This species overwinters mostly as fourth instar larvae in a boat-shaped depression just under the bark. In late April or early May larvae molt into the pupal (resting) stage. During early June adults chew their way through the bark and emerge, leaving the characteristic “D”-shaped hole. After mating, females lay eggs in cracks, beneath bark flaps, or other damaged areas. Eggs hatch in a few days into tiny white larvae that chew their way into the bark and start feeding. They make crooked, criss-crossing galleries (Image 1) in the inner bark. In the fall, larvae bore into the sapwood to overwinter. This species may have a one- or two-year life cycle with the latter being more common. The length of development is mainly governed by host plant condition and the time of year that eggs are laid.
Damage
The first indication that a tree is infested with borers is wilting and dying of the upper crown. Closer examination may reveal ridges (Image 2) and bumps on limbs and branches as well as “D”-shaped adult emergence holes in the bark. In some cases the trunk may have areas with a rusty brown stain. This may be an indication that this species may be present.
Removal of the bark where ridges are abundant will reveal irregular, winding, sawdust-packed tunnels called galleries that are made by larvae excavating plant material from between bark and wood. This pest usually first attacks 3/4 inch diameter branches in the crown of the tree. Girdling of the cambium by tunneling larvae interferes with movement of plant sap and nutrients that may result in partial or complete death of a branch or tree (Image 3).
Image 3 - Bronze Birch Borer
Agrilus anxius
Gory
Bronze birch borer: birch mortality resulting
from stress and invasion
Minnesota Dept. of Natural Resources;
UGA4212068b
Management
Non-ChemicalPlant birch trees in a cool, moist, shaded environment. They do not grow well in an open, sunny, exposed area, such as the middle of a large, open yard or the exposed south or west side of a building. Further, this species prefers to lay eggs on trees growing in full sunlight.
Keep birch trees healthy by watering and fertilizing as needed. Larvae are reported not to survive in healthy trees. Birch species most susceptible to injury by this pest include Betula papyrifera, B. pendula and its cultivars, and B. populifolia. Monarch birch, B. maximowicziana, and river birch, B. nigra, and other brown bark species of birch are thought to be resistant or more tolerant.
Branches showing damage symptoms, or that are completely dead, should be pruned and destroyed by early May.
Chemical
Application of registered insecticides for effective management of this pest should be timed to coincide with hatching of young larvae. To prevent newly hatched larvae from successfully chewing their way into the host plant, thoroughly spray branches and trunk with registered insecticides during the first and third weeks of June. Soil or trunk injection of registered insecticides applied according to label directions are also effective in managing this key pest of birch.
Warning
Pesticides are poisonous. Read and follow directions and safety precautions on labels. Handle carefully and store in original labeled containers out of the reach of children, pets, and livestock. Dispose of empty containers right away, in a safe manner and place. Do not contaminate forage, streams, or ponds.
Authored by: Gregory A. Hoover, Sr. Extension Associate
March 2002
Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences research, extension, and resident education programs are funded in part by Pennsylvania counties, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Visit Penn State Extension on the web: http://extension.psu.edu
Where trade names appear, no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement by Penn State Cooperative Extension is implied.
This publication is available in alternative media on request.
The Pennsylvania State University is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to programs, facilities, admission, and employment without regard to personal characteristics not related to ability, performance, or qualifications as determined by University policy or by state or federal authorities. It is the policy of the University to maintain an academic and work environment free of discrimination, including harassment. The Pennsylvania State University prohibits discrimination and harassment against any person because of age, ancestry, color, disability or handicap, national origin, race, religious creed, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, or veteran status. Discrimination or harassment against faculty, staff, or students will not be tolerated at The Pennsylvania State University. Direct all inquiries regarding the nondiscrimination policy to the Affirmative Action Director, The Pennsylvania State University, 328 Boucke Building, University Park, PA 16802-5901; Tel 814-865-4700/V, 814-863-1150/ TTY.
© The Pennsylvania State University 2013
